Racial Profiling Is Necessary For The Police Force And...

The world we live in is a world molded by the media. The media determines what you see and when you see it, because of this people s opinions towards politics, celebrities or even law enforcement can be swayed to one side depending on the conditions. An example of this being racial profiling which, in the last few years has become a very touchy subject which most people can relate to in some way. Although people believe racial profiling is pure hate towards those of another race, many sources have shown minorities in certain areas have a high percentage of illegal weapons and drugs which is why in these areas racial profiling is necessary to protect the police force and civilians of these areas. In today’s world we live in a very media†¦show more content†¦The media contributes to 90 percent of these stereotypes (Geek). Like in the inner city African Americans are criticized for their actions, while the Latin Americans are blamed for most drug deals. Derogatory terms such as nigger and spic are all part of the racial profiling debacle (Harris). Racial profiling has made its stamp in communities. On one side we have the bad where we tend to classify certain individuals into stereotypical groups. But on the other hand we have applications of racial profiling to help select certain minority groups for appropriate occupations and universities (Mccarthy). As former prosecutor, Andy McCarthy, took some terms of racial profiling into his own hand. He stated that â€Å"you can’t be an Islamist terrorist without being a Muslim, you can’t be the head of the Gambino Family without being Italian, and you can’t be a Mexican illegal alien without being a Mexican (Mccarthy).† Yes, his argument is up for debate but usually these are the people associated with the associated crimes. Coining certain people with specific crimes is the way our society works (Meeks). Conversely, one can look at it as from an educational standpoint. Are all brown people doctors, are all African Americans athletes? There is a good and bad to racial profiling. But it is up to the individual to correctly determine how she or she wants to define it. One might wonder how racial profiling started. The term was first coined in the 1970’s while punishingShow MoreRelatedA Report On Police Brutality1367 Words   |  6 PagesCourse Police Brutality There is various forms of human rights violation currently in the United States, however; Police abuse remains the most serious of them all. Police brutality is, therefore, the use of excessive force or even unnecessary force by the police while they are dealing with civilians. People are left wondering if the police are doing the jobs they were appointed to do under the law. They act in ways such as the use of guns and pepper sprays to intimidate civilians, racial profilingRead MoreRace And Crime : Criminal Justice System1460 Words   |  6 PagesRace and crime are interwoven with how justice and criminology are handled. Police have a racial bias against blacks and incarcerate them in larger numbers than any other race. Statistically, blacks have a higher arrest and incarceration rate than other races do. Due to police being taught that racial profiling is a necessary part of the job, blacks have now become a prime target for many false arrests and often serve jail time for a crime they may not have committed. The black community often expressesRead MoreThe Problem Of Police Brutality1646 Words   |  7 Pages One of the biggest problems that plague America is police brutality. The job of the police is to protect the community they’re assigned to work in, from any illegal activity that occurs. However, there are officers who believe they are above the law. Police brutality has been a political oppression that has been occurring more many years. There’s been many cases of excessive force towards innocent civilians by an officer that has sparked a national outrage. Stephan Lendman of Media with ConscienceRead MoreMichelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pagesfrequently than any other racial group in the United States. Although this statement is partially true, Alexander misses the fact that in recent years, other racial groups have been affected by the same unjust profiling done by authorities. Recently, overall police brutality and racial profiling has seen an increase in the United States population. Furthermore, unprovoked or inappropriate use of f orce by authorities has sparked conversation in America racial profiling and incarceration rates inRead MorePolice Brutality Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesenforcement, police brutality has become a big problem within the United States. 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Police brutality can also take the form of false arrests, verbal abuse, psychological intimidation, sexual abuse, police corruption, racial profilingRead MorePolice Brutality : Use Of Excessive And Unnecessary Force By Police1536 Words   |  7 Pages Police brutality is the use of excessive and unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. Police brutality can be present in many ways. The most common form of police brutality is a physical form. Police officers can use nerve gas, batons, pepper spray, and guns in order to physically intimidate or even intentionally hurt civilians. Police brutality can also take the form of false arrests, verbal abuse, psychological intimidation, sexual abuse, police corruption, racial profilingRead MoreRacism And White Privilege Enforcement Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesPolice officers, who were once referred to as peace keepers, are now more law enforcement officers. Police agencies around the United States seem to be stuck more on quotas and creating revenue for their county or city. Making many officers strive for many unnecessary arrests. Which as a following result has brought up a lot of tension between the police and their citizens. With increasing violence in cities and s tates; police officers methods have slowly become more aggressive, bringing a rise inRead MoreLaw Enforcement And The Community1529 Words   |  7 Pagesand the worst in humanity. The strained relationship between law enforcement and the community hinders the effectiveness of police officers. There are several approaches to improve the relationship between police officers and the community. Some of these approaches include community policing, use of force, body-worn cameras, and specialized training requirements for police officers, among others. At some point in the history of the United States, citizens had a fearful yet healthy respect for lawRead More21st Century Policing Enforcement Agencies Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pagesaround the nation exposed deep divides between communities and their police departments. As the discord reached a fever pitch, law enforcement agencies nationwide began the process of self-evaluation, reflecting on policies and practices and implementing innovative strategies to better engender community policing principles, build trust, and allay fear. Beginning in August of 2014, Chief Samuel Dotson of the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department (SLMPD) requested participation in the Office of Community

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Essay Summary Example For Students

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Essay Summary Few books can truly be said to have altered the course of history, and even fewer can be said to have started an entire war. Uncle Toms Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was one such novel. It is a realistic, although fictional view of slavery, that burned into the consciousness of America the images of brutal beatings and unfair slave practices. Uncle Toms Cabin helped to turn the tide of public opinion against slavery in the 19th century. This controversial novel was initially written to question slavery and to convince people of its immorality. It was the first book that brought the problem of slavery in America to the attention of the world. It became not only a bestseller, but a social documentary of the lives of slaves. The closest parallel to the success of Uncle Toms Cabin was Sinclairs The Jungle, but even The Jungle did not start an entire war.The main characters in this story are Uncle Tom, Eliza and George Harris. Uncle Tom is a good man, trustworthy, a model slave. He refused to make trouble, and is accepting of an institution he cannot change. A very spiritual person, Uncle Tom tries his best to obey the Bible and to do what is right. He is the figure meant to show the good of man, and how that good was trampled by an unjust institution. Eliza is a beautiful slave owned by George Shelby, Sr., the same person who owns Tom. Eliza has a son, Harry. Elizas husband, George Harris, lives on a nearby plantation. George is a brilliant man, and invented a machine that was used in the factory he works in. His owner became jealous and demoted George from his factory job to doing hard labor on the plantation. This is an allusion to other unjust practices of the time, and shows that the racial inequities that prevailed even outside the institution of slavery. This is one way that Stowe provokes the reader towards a cause for abolitionism, and show the need for change. Because his Kentucky plantation was overwhelmed by debt, Shelby makes plans to trade some slaves to a slave dealer in exchange for debts being canceled. The dealer selects Uncle Tom as payment for the debt. Eliza quickly decides to run away, quickly followed by her husband George Harris. George just happens to go to the same place where Eliza and Harry are being hidden. Uncle Tom, meanwhile, is on a boat en route to New Orleans. After gallantly saving the life of young Eva St. Clare, he is rewarded by being bought by her father, Augustine. Augustine is married to a selfish woman who claims to be sick and takes no interest in her daughter. So it is on his return trip from Maine where he has picked up his cousin Ophelia who will care for Eva that Augustine buys Tom. Unused to Southern customs and slavery, Ophelia tries to bring order to the St. Claire plantation, but the pampered slaves do not cooperate. Eva, who has always been frail, was dying and asks her father to free his slaves. This is yet another death which shows the tragedy of the institution, a death that simply cannot be left unavenged. This instance beseeches the reader to feel the pain of the enslaved man and rise up for the cause of abolition. For weeks, Uncle Tom tries in vain to please his new master. Legree has enough of Toms kindness and piety, after Tom was ordered to beat another female slave and refused. For this show of obstinance, Tom was beaten until he fainted. This is where the novel truly becomes an eye opening expose, leaving any reader with a need to rectify the horror of the cruelties in the narrative. .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 , .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 .postImageUrl , .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 , .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4:hover , .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4:visited , .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4:active { border:0!important; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4:active , .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4 .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd7e22d202da3cec74c6da5b4660a6b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Media As A social Problem Essay Tom is soon beaten again, to the point of death. This brutality shows yet again the terror and the inhumane practices of the slaveowners, not allowing any reader to simply ignore the cries of Tom. His death stands as a lesson to the people of the time, a death that signified the culture of death that prevailed in slavery. Not merely physical death, but the spiritual massacre that occurred

Shoeless Joe And The Black Sox Scandal Essays - Baseball, Sports

Shoeless Joe and the Black Sox Scandal After winning the 1906 World Series, the Chicago White Sox were not able to maintain their position of number one. They remained in the middle of the American League until 1915 when a new manager, Clarence Rowland and a new star, Joe Jackson, joined the team. Joe Jackson was a star from South Carolina who was known as "Shoeless" Joe because of his poverty-stricken childhood. Joe Jackson was dubbed "The finest natural hitter in the history of the game." In 1917 the White Sox won one hundred games in the regular season and went on to defeat the New York Giants in the World Series four games to two. Two years later the Sox were in the World Series thanks to their two twenty game winners, Eddie Cicotte and Clause Williams. The White Sox lost the best-of-nine series five games to three. A reporter for the Cincinnati Tribune thought something was wrong when he found out that someone had placed a two million dollar bet on the underdog Reds. One year later, in September 1920, Jackson, Cicotte and Wilson signed confessions to receiving five thousand dollars to throw the World Series. Before the trial for Jackson, Cicotte and Wilson, there was a turnover in the Illinois State Attorney's Office and all the confessions mysteriously disappeared. The three baseball players then said they didn't sign the confessions so the case was dropped. The new commissioner for Major League Baseball was Kenesaw Mountain Landis and he believed three players were guilty. He also believed they weren't the only ones on the team that threw the series. Kenesaw Mountain Landis kicked seven players from the White Sox team of 1919 out of Major League Baseball for life. Eddie Cicotte, Chick Gandil, Clause Williams, Happy Felsch, Swede Risberg, Fred McMullin and Joe Jackson were suspended for accepting a bribe to throw a series. Eight players were actually suspended for life but only seven took bribes. Buck Weaver, the eighth player who was suspended did not take money to throw the series. He was suspended because he knew what was going on but did not say anything. Even though Joe Jackson was accused of throwing the World Series he had the highest batting average in the series which was .375. He had no errors, twelve hits and the series only homerun. Do those statistics sound like "Shoeless" Joe Jackson threw the series. This turned out to be the greatest fix in the history of baseball.

The role of inventions and discoveries in the establishment Essay Example

The role of inventions and discoveries in the establishment Essay Example The role of inventions and discoveries in the establishment Essay The role of inventions and discoveries in the establishment Essay This write up discusses the role of inventions and discoveries in the establishment of radio. However some attention would first be directed to explaining the importance and uses of radio and radio waves as a communication device before diverting focus to discuss some inventors who played significant roles in establishing radio. The discussion will as well highlight some modern developments in the radio industry. Radio continues to be accepted as one of the most indispensable medium of communication all over the world especially in efforts to break the walls of illiteracy and bring enlightenment to millions of people. It is a system of communication which employs and propagates electromagnetic waves through space. There are varying characteristics of radio waves therefore radio waves of different lengths are employed for different purposes and are usually identified by their frequency. Radio waves are used not only in radio broadcasting but are also used in two-way immunization for law enforcement, telephone transmission, wireless Internet, television, navigational systems, GAPS, and space communication. Radio enables people to send messages over long distances in the form of words, music, signals, etc. However it is commonly used for one-way communication, I. E. Broadcasting; to broadcast music, news, discussion, interviews, sports, adverts and other programmer. Aside the one-way function of radio device, its signals is also employed by scientists to monitor weather conditions in the atmosphere. The beginning of radio is traced back to the early asses. It important to indicate however that radio owes its invention to two other discoveries; the telegraph and the telephone. These two major discoveries until the invention of radio were the only means employed by people to send quick and long distance communications. It was during this era that inventors such as James Clark Maxwell, Heimlich Hertz, Gullied Marion and a host of other individuals employed various strategies to discover radio signals and radio as communication device for that matter. The contributions of these individuals would be discussed further in subsequent paragraphs. Meanwhile it is important to state that due to a number of individual contributions to radio discovery, it is becomes difficult to single out an individual as hero when talking about radio and its discovery. The development of radio is said to have revolutionaries communication considering that the two major discoveries that had existed could only reach places that were connected with wire. On the contrary, the advent of radio signals which could pass through the air, sea, sky and even space, made it possible for people to communicate quickly irrespective of wire connections. The advantage of dado signals to connect places without passing through wires made it to be referred to as wireless. The development of radio Just as any other discovery began with experiments. One of the important ideas that brought radio to exist was generated by Michael Faraday in the early asses. He experimented with electromagnets and propounded the induction theory; specifying that currents in one wire could produce Maxwell further explained the induction theory by performing series of other experiments to confirm that electromagnetic waves exist and that they could travel fast at the speed of light. He proved, mathematically, that if an electrical interruption is of short distance from the point at which it occurred, it would effect a passage of electrical current due to some sort of waves that move at the speed of light in which the electromagnetic energy travel. The confirmation of the theory prompted Heimlich Rudolf Hertz, whose name is now associated with radio transmission scales I. E. , megahertz and kilohertz, to practicality the proven theories of Faraday and Maxwell through demonstration that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves similar to those of light and heat. Guillemot Marion an Italian inventor was next to appear on the scene in 1895. He combined earlier ideas and his own ideas and become the first inventor to send electromagnetic waves or radio signals through the air. The Marion radio equipment was first used to send signals across the Atlantic Ocean precisely from Cornwall, England to Newfoundland, Canada. The success of his innovation eventually led to the establishment of the first telegraph company in 1899. The system he discovered was called wireless telegraphy and since then the terms radio and wireless have been used interchangeably. Lee De Forest, an American inventor, also contributed to radio with his discovery of a device called vacuum tube in 1906. The device was used to detect and amplify radio signals and it has since become an important component of radio receivers. His invention in effect formed the basis for the amplification needed to make voice transmission possible via wireless. The result of Lee De Forests work was the invention of amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. Edwin Howard Armstrong is also counted as one of the individuals who contributed to improve radio. He discovered and invented frequency-modulated (FM) radio in 1933 which to improve he audio signal of radio. Radio waves, as mentioned earlier, travel at the speed of light. I. E. : three hundred thousand kilometers per second (300,km/s). However, the transmission of radio waves is in two ways: Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM). In amplitude transmission, the strength of the carrier waves is varied to match changes in the programmer signal coming form the radio station. FM transmission on the other hand is such that the carrier waves remain constant but the frequency of the wave is also varied to match the programmer signals from the radio station. The FM and the high-frequency bands (88 to 108 Much) eave since become the most preferred mode of transmission considering that it has the advantage of producing broad signals that are relatively free from noise and interference arising from sources such as thunderstorms, which is a major defect of AM signals. Nonetheless FM signals are also disadvantaged with having a limited reception range. Thus it has defined catchments area beyond which the signals cannot be received. Radio technology has grown significantly since its early development. In 1947 Bell Labs, a scientist invented the transistor and in 1954 a Japanese company called Sony introduced the first transistor radio. It is significant to mention that the first practical use of radio after its invention was mainly for ship-to- ship and ship-to-shore communication where it was used to save the lives of victims of ship disaster. Meanwhile, commercial radio broadcasting after radio was an experimental radio in a suburb of Pittsburgh in 1916. The broadcast of the U. S. Presidential election in 1920 by the station is considered the beginning of professional radio broadcasting. Other radio stations soon began operation in many other countries such as Australia, Japan, and specific reference can be made to the British Broadcasting Corporation which was established in 1922. The spread of radio and broadcasting did not come without some restrictions and regulations. The U. S. Overspent had for instance, took over control of all patents related to radio technology during the First World War but later released its control in 1919. After the government released its control of patents, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was established with the purpose of redistributing the radio patents that had been restricted during the war. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was also established in United States to ass ign frequencies to various radio stations. In addition, the FCC was tasked to issue licenses to stations and other users of transmission equipments. The commission could as well revoke the license of stations that violate broadcasting rules. In other countries such a Canada and the United Kingdom, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission and the British Broadcasting Corporation were responsible for regulating all broadcasting networks respectively. The period between asses and asses is referred to as the golden age of radio considering that it was the period when radio ad much entertainment role as television has today. It was the period where families gathered around their radios to listen to radio programmer varying from live music, variety shows, dramas, comedy, sports, and several others. However, radio in the 21st century has become more of an individual other than a family source of entertainment. This has been made possible due technological advancements which have given birth to portable radio, cell phone radio; automobile radios as well internet radio with the help of digital and satellite radio broadcasting, another recent placement in the field. As evident from the discussion it can be concluded that a series of contributions and discoveries have aid the growth of radio which has made radio a vital means of communication in todays world. References Sanford . J. The Mass Media of the German Speaking Countries, (London: Oswald Wolff, 1979) Whittier. E. J, Form, Content and Significance of Mass Communication, (California: Walworth Publication Company, Belmont, 1991) World Book Encyclopedia Volvo. 16, World Book erg, U. ST. M. Off, (Merchandisers, North Michigan,Cargo ILL:u. S. A, 2001)

3th Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

3th Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh Essay ? Sandy Hook Shooting: Is It Time to Change the Second Amendment? Sandy Hook Shooting Is It Time to Change the Second Amendment About 80 million Americans, representing half of U.S. homes, own more than 223 million guns. The debate about the Second Amendment has been fierce, but after the horrible atrocity that just happened in Newtown, Connecticut, the time has come to rethink the amendment and change it. The change of the amendment in terms of availability of weapons, and who has the right to possess them, would create a safer society and lower the gun homicide rate in the U. S. — a figure that currently makes the U.S. the highest in the world. The change would include a certain necessary procedure in order to get a license for possessing a gun. Moreover, this procedure should include medical checks, full criminal history, and a police interview to prove they actually need a gun. Atrocities like what happened today could theoretically be prevented if it were more difficult to come into possession of weapons in the U.S. At this moment, there is a widely accepted misconception about the history of the amendment and its purpose within American society. When the founding fathers implemented Second Amendment the main idea behind it was to provide citizens with a way to oppose possible tyrannical government. However, today it is widely believed that the Second Amendment is there to provide you with a way to protect yourself from other individuals. The debate is also present over whether the Second Amendment provides for collective or individual rights. However, in 2008, in the District of Columbia v. Heller case before the Supreme Court, the Court ruled that the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to possess a firearm, unconnected to service in a militia and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home. In a 2011 Gallup poll, only 26% of American citizens said they would support the handgun ban. When Gallup first asked Americans this question in 1959, 60% favored banning handguns. But since 1975, the majority of Americans have opposed such a measure, with opposition around 70% in recent years. Americans have shifted to a more pro-gun view on gun laws, with record-low support for bans on handguns, assault rifle bans, and stricter gun laws in general. This remains true even as high-profile incidents of gun violence continue across the United States. The reasons for this ideological shift do not appear to be reactions to the crime situation, and are probably rather related to a widespread acceptance of guns by the  American public. It is widely believed that having the right to bear arms contributes to higher security. By enabling a great number of people to carry weapons, the society as a whole will not benefit from greater security. Moreover, it will become more unstable. The control of the weapons must be toughened and the right to possess and bear them restricted. The cases of shootings on American campuses and in schools are numerous and an argument that stricter gun control laws should be enforced stands strong. With medical and background checks, people who want to possess a gun won’t be stopped. However, the chance that someone with a mental disorder will have access to arsenal gets lower. The U.S. has the highest rate of gun ownership and of gun homicide in the developed world, it can definitely be argued that the amount of guns present the homicide rate will also be reduced. In 2012, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton agreed with the U.N. to set a timetable for the regulation of the arms trade between the states. The United States joined 152 other countries in support of the Arms Trade Treaty Resolution, which establishes the dates for the 2012 UN conference intended to further regulate gun trade around the world. Many in the U.S. have seen this treaty as an introduction to domestic firearm control, even though this is wrong. In order to change the Second Amendment, a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required and at this point chances of changing that happening are slim. Throughout the world there are different regulations about gun ownership. Great Britain banned private ownership of guns in 1997; Australia also followed the same path. A 1999 Harvard School of Public Health study revealed that, â€Å"Americans feel less safe as more people in their community begin to carry guns,† and that 90% believe that â€Å"regular† citizens should be prohibited from bringing guns into most public places, including stadiums, restaurants, hospitals, college campuses, and places of worshi p. We should not have the illusion that the world can overnight become a safe place where guns are not needed. These are dark times for those who demand sane regulation of gun ownership. The courts come and go. Public opinion and political power, like the common law, changes and evolves. Guns must not be accessible to all and they must be restricted. By restricting the gun availability, the possibility for situations like the Newtown massacre would be dramatically lowered. Even if we assume that one day a tyrannical government may come to power, under the current circumstances, with the U.S.  government in possession of tanks, airplanes and drones, one can argue that the light weapons held by the citizens would not be enough. The argument of the founding fathers therefore becomes obsolete and the amendment must be changed to ensure the greater safety of American citizens. Eleven years later, after the war for independence had been won, our Founders assembled once again to draw up a plan for governing the new nation. That plan would be ratified two years later as the Constitution of the United States of America. To understand the true meaning of the Second Amendment, it is important to understand the men who wrote and ratified it, and the issues they faced in creating the Constitution. During the debate over the ratification of the Constitution, there was significant concern that a  strong federal government would trample on the individual rights of citizens–as had happened under British rule. To protect the basic rights of Americans–rights which each person possesses and that are guaranteed, but not granted, by any government–the framers added the first ten amendments to the Constitution as a package. Those amendments have come to be known as the Bill of Rights. They represent the fundamental freedoms that are at the heart of ou r society, including freedom of speech, freedom of religion and the right of the people to keep and bear arms. The British people did not have a written constitution as we have in the United States. However, they did have a tradition of protecting individual rights from government. Those rights were set forth in a number of documents, including the Magna Carta and the English Declaration of Rights. The Founders who wrote the Bill of Rights drew many of their ideas from the traditions of English â€Å"common law,† which is the body of legal tradition and court decisions that acted as an unwritten constitution and as a balance to the power of English kings. The Founders believed in the basic rights of men as described in written legal documents and in unwritten legal traditions. One of these was the right of the common people to bear arms, which was specifically recognized in the English Declaration of Rights of 1689. However, the Founders also recognized that without a blueprint for what powers government could exercise, the rights of the people would always be subject to being violated. The Constitution, and particularly the Bill of Rights, was created to specifically describe the powers of government and the rights of individuals government was not allowed to infringe. 1. Does the Second Amendment Describe An Individual Right? Some people claim that there is no individual right to own firearms. However, anyone familiar with the principles upon which this country was founded will recognize this claim`s most glaring flaw: in America, rights–by definition–belong to individuals. The Founding Fathers created the Bill of Rights to protect the rights of individuals. The freedoms of religion, speech, association, and the rest all refer to individual liberties. The Second Amendment right to keep and bear  arms is no different. When the first Congress penned the Second Amendment in 1789, it took the wording, with some style changes, from a list of rights introduced by James Madison of Virginia. Congressman Madison had promised the Virginia ratifying convention that he would sponsor a Bill of Rights if the Constitution were ratified. The amendments he wrote would not change anything in the original Constitution. Madison repeatedly insisted that nothing in the original Constitution empowered the federal government to infringe on the rights of the people, specifically including the right of individuals to have guns. In constructing the Bill of Rights, Madison followed the recommendations of the state ratifying conventions. Though they ratified the Constitution, several of those conventions had recommended adding provisions about specific rights. Five conventions recommended adding a right to arms; by comparison, only three conventions mentioned free speech. Members of Congress had no doubt as to the amendment`s meaning. They and their contemporaries were firearm owners, hunters and in some cases gun collectors (George Washington and Thomas Jefferson exchanged letters about their collections). They had just finished winning their freedoms with gun in hand, and would, in their next session, pass legislation requiring most male citizens to buy and own at least one firearm and 30 rounds of ammunition. The only reason there is a controversy about the Second Amendment is that on this subject many highly vocal and influential 21st Century Americans reject what seemed elementary common sense–and basic principle–to our Founding Fathers. The words of the founders make clear they believed the individual right to own firearms was very important: Thomas Jefferson said, â€Å"No free man shall be debarred the use of arms.† Patrick Henry said, â€Å"The great object is, that every man be armed.† Richard Henry Lee wrote that, â€Å"to preserve liberty it is essential that the whole body of people always possess arms.† Thomas Paine noted, â€Å"[A]rms . . . discourage and keep the invader and the  plunderer in awe, and preserve order in the world as well as property.† Samuel Adams warned that: â€Å"The said Constitution be never construed to authorize Congress to infringe the just liberty of the press, or the rights of conscience; or to prevent the people of the United States, who are peaceable citizens, from keeping their own arms.† The Constitution and Bill of Rights repeatedly refer to the â€Å"rights† of the people and to the â€Å"powers† of government. The Supreme Court has recognized that the phrase â€Å"the people,† which is used in numerous parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble, the Second, Fourth, Ninth and Tenth Amendments, refers to people as individuals. In each case, rights belonging to â€Å"the people† are without question the rights of individuals. Dozens of essays have been written by the nation`s foremost authorities on the Constitution, supporting the traditional understanding of the right to arms as an individual right, protected by the Second Amendment. 2. Isn`t the â€Å"well regulated militia† the National Guard? Gun control supporters insist that â€Å"the right of the people† really means the â€Å"right of the state† to maintain the â€Å"militia,† and that this â€Å"militia† is the National Guard. This is not only inconsistent with the statements of America`s Founders and the concept of individual rights, it also wrongly defines the term â€Å"militia.† Centuries before the Second Amendment was drafted, European political writers used the term â€Å"well regulated militia† to refer to all the people, armed with their own firearms or swords, bows or spears, led by officers they chose. America`s Founders defined the militia the same way. Richard Henry Lee wrote, â€Å"A militia when properly formed are in fact the people themselves . . . and include all men capable of bearing arms. . . .† Making the same point, Tench Coxe wrote that the militia â€Å"are in fact the effective part of the people at large.† George Mason asked, â€Å"[W]ho are the militia? They consist now of the  whole people, except a few public officers.† The Militia Act of 1792, adopted the year after the Second Amendment was ratified, declared that the Militia of the United States (members of the militia who had to serve if called upon by the government) included all able-bodied adult males. The National Guard was not established until 1903. In 1920 it was designated one part of the â€Å"Militia of the United States.† The other part included other able-bodied adult men, plus some other men and women. However, in 1990, the Supreme Court held that the federal government possesses complete power over the National Guard. The Guard is the third part of the United States Army, along with the regular Army and Army Reserve. The Framers` independent â€Å"well regulated militia† remains as they intended, America`s armed citizenry. 3. Have the Courts or Congress ever studied the meaning of the Second Amendment? On June 26, 2008, the Supreme Court issued its decision in the case of District of Columbia v. Heller. In a 5-4 decision, the Court upheld the ruling of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit that the Second Amendment protects a right to possess firearms for individuals, and not just a right to have them as part of a militia or the National Guard. The Court also held that the Second Amendment is not meant to protect a â€Å"state’s right† to maintain a militia or National Guard. The decision struck down the District’s bans on handguns and on having any gun in usable condition as violations of the Second Amendment, and prohibited the District from denying a person a permit to carry a firearm within his home on without cause. Highlights of the majority opinion, written by Justice Antonin Scalia and joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Samuel Alito, Anthony Kennedy, and Clarence Thomas, can be found here: /Issues/FactSheets/Read.aspx?id=235&issue=010. The Court ruled that â€Å"[T]he operative clause [of the Second Amendment] codifies a ‘right of the people.† And went on to explain: â€Å"In all six other provisions of the Constitution that mention ‘the people,’ the term unambiguously refers to all members of the political community, not an unspecified subset. . . .’† Put plainly, the Heller decision says that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess firearms for legal purposes, including for sporting use and for self-defense. In coming to this conclusion, the courts examined the meaning of the words in the Second Amendment, including the meaning of â€Å"arms† the phrase â€Å"to bear arms† and to â€Å"keep â€Å" arms. The court also carefully considered the meaning of â€Å"militia† and the relationship between the militia and the â€Å"right to keep and bear arms.† In the majority opinion, the court clearly rejected the idea of a â€Å"collective† or group right, that is, a right held by the states. The court found that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess firearms. The full impact of the Heller decision is still not known. States and cities with restrictive gun laws are now facing challenges to their specific laws and future court cases will continue to define the how the Second Amendment protects individual rights and what types of gun laws will be allowed. Before the Heller decision, the most thorough examination of the Second Amendment and related issues ever undertaken by a court is the 2001 decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in U.S. v. Emerson. In Emerson, the Appeals court devoted dozens of pages of its decision to studying the Second Amendment’s history and text. It began by examining the Supreme Court’s decision in U.S. v. Miller (1939), which individual rights opponents claim supports the notion of the Second Amendment protecting only a â€Å"collective right† of a state to maintain a militia. The Fifth Circuit disagreed. â€Å"We conclude that Miller does not support the collective rights or sophisticated collective rights approach to the Second Amendment.† The court then turned to the history and text of the Second Amendment. â€Å"There is no evidence in the text of the Second Amendment, or any other part of the Constitution, that the words ‘the people’ have a different connotation within the Second Amendment than when employed elsewhere in the Constitution. In fact, the text of the Constitution, as a whole, strongly suggests that the words ‘the people’ have precisely the same meaning within the Second Amendment as without. And as used throughout the Constitution, ‘the people’ have ‘rights’ and ‘powers,’ but federal and state governments only have ‘powers’ or ‘authority’, never ‘rights.’† The court concluded, â€Å"We have found no historical evidence that the Second Amendment was intended to convey militia power to the states, limit the federal government’s power to maintain a standing army, or applies only to members of a select militia while on active duty. All of the evidence indicates that the Second Amendment, like other parts of the Bill of Rights, applies to and protects individual Americans. We find that the history of the Second Amendment reinforces the plain meaning of its text, namely that it protects individual Americans in their right to keep and bear arms whether or not they are a member of a select militia or performing active military service or training.† Four times in American history, Congress has enacted legislation declaring its clear understanding of the Second Amendment`s meaning. Congress has never given any support for the newly minted argument that the amendment fails to protect any right of the people, and instead ensures a â€Å"collective right† of states to maintain militias. In 1866, 1941, 1986, and 2005, Congress passed laws to reaffirm this guarantee of personal freedom and to adopt specific safeguards to enforce it. The Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1866 was enacted to protect the rights of freed slaves to keep and bear arms following the Civil War and at the outset of the chaotic Reconstruction period. The act declared protection for the â€Å"full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings concerning personal liberty, personal security, and . . . estate . . . including the constitutional right to bear arms. . . .† The Property Requisition Act of 1941 was intended to reassure Americans that preparations for war would not include repressive or tyrannical policies against firearms owners. It was passed shortly before the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, which led the United States into World War II. The act declared that it would not â€Å"authorize the requisitioning or require the registration of any firearms possessed by any individual for his personal protection or sport,† or â€Å"to impair or infringe in any manner the right of any individual to keep and bear arms. . . .† The two more recent laws sought to reverse excesses involving America’s legal system. In the Firearms Owners’ Protection Act of 1986, Congress reacted to overzealous enforcement policies under the federal firearms law: â€Å"The Congress finds that the rights of citizens to keep and bear arms under the second amendment to the United States Constitution; to security against illegal and unreasonable searches and seizures under the fourth amendment; against uncompensated taking of property, double jeopardy, and assurance of due process of law under the fifth amendment; and against unconstitutional exercise of authority under the ninth and tenth amendments; require additional legislation to correct existing firearms statutes and enforcement policies. . . .† And in 2005, as a result of lawsuits aiming to destroy America’s firearms industry, Congress passed the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act to end this threat to the Second Amendment. The act begins with findings that go to the heart of the matter: â€Å"Congress finds the following: (1) The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. (2) The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the rights of individuals, including those who are not members of a militia or engaged in military service or training, to keep and bear arms.† â€Å"Gun control† is the popular name for laws that regulate, limit or prohibit the purchase and possession of firearms. â€Å"Gun control† laws are usually  proposed on the grounds they will stop the criminal misuse of firearms, but they are almost never actually targeted at criminals. Supporters of â€Å"gun control† most commonly call for laws that restrict law-abiding people, the only ones who will obey them. Laws prohibiting the possession of a firearm are unlikely to stop a person willing to commit robbery, assault or murder. On the other hand, honest citizens who respect the law will submit to the gun control laws, even if the laws do not make them safer. 3th Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh. (2016, Oct 18).

The significance of inflation expectations in the monetarist Phillips Essay

The significance of inflation expectations in the monetarist Phillips Curve and t0he implications for the conduct of economic policy - Essay Example Inflation has been one of the most widely discussed topics by economist of the twenty first century. The term can simply be defined a general and persistent increase in the price level over a period of time Major economies of the world have been affected by it and economic analysts throughout the world have put in their expertise to curtail the damages that inflation is capable of doing to an economy. Mr. Alban William Phillips was one of those economists who will always be remembered for his contribution to the world of economics. He’s gathered fame all over the world for his research on inflation and unemployment. He started his work by gathering ninety five years of data relating to the UK wage inflation and unemployment. He was of the view that there is some direct or indirect link among these two important economic indicators. When he plotted the data on a graph, Mr. Phillips concluded that there is an inverse relationship between the rate of unemployment and the level of inflation in an economy. According to Mr. Philips there was a tradeoff between unemployment and inflation. High levels of unemployment tend to be linked with low levels of inflation and vice versa. Accordingly, if the government would want to reduce the unemployment rate it then it would have to settle with high rates of inflation. The Phillips curve concluded that deciding upon whether to have high rates of unemployment or to go for high rates of inflation was merely a matter of government policy as the two of them could not be achieved together – they were mutually exclusive. ... And this is how the price level rises and inflation occurs. The Phillips curve can further be divided into two time phases, namely the long run and the short run Phillips curve. The two curves are slightly different from each other in that they depict a different side of the picture. In the short run Phillips curve, high rates of unemployment are associated with low rates of inflation and vice versa. In such a situation the economists generally have to take a decision as whether to contain inflation or unemployment. Choices will generally be made after taking the overall economic situation of a country into consideration and definitely the decision made will not be beneficial for all. If the government decides to go for low rates of unemployment, low income earners will face a burden of high prices due to inflation. However, the long term Phillips curve looks at the story from a very different angle. The long run Phillips curve is normally drawn as a vertical line. This line can move both ways but generally it tends to move in (to a lower rate of unemployment) as time passes by. The idea behind long term Phillips curve is that in the long term there will be a certain rate of unemployment regardless of the level of inflation. This level will remain there since some people will always be unemployed due to job switching, frictional and seasonal unemployment. According to Mr. Friedman Milton, an economist, there is no tradeoff between the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation in the long run as is denoted by the vertical Phillips curve. According to the long run Phillips curve, efforts made by economists to reduce the unemployment level below the natural rate of unemployment

Compositing Visual Effects process from Pre-production to Post Thesis

Compositing Visual Effects process from Pre-production to Post production - Thesis Example Digital methods have been integrated in motion picture production to create special effects. Special effects credits usually involve physical effects that have been created through artificial, mechanical as well as pyrotechnic methods. Special effects can be used to create explosions, snow, fire and other effects that may be required during filming (Casinghino, 2010). Digital compositing is a technique used in the film industry to combine parts of separate images to create a single image. Many techniques continue to develop in the film industry that are used to create special visual techniques especially in feature films. Matte shots, chroma key which entails blue screen and green screen technique as well as front and rear projection are some of the technological advancements in the film industry. Data analysis was carried out through self-observation as this allowed the perceiving visual information in Avatar, Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, and Underworld: Evolution in g reat detail. Self-observation was the preferred choice as it allowed room for rewinding and forwarding of the films for keener observation without any inconveniences. Information in the three feature films greatly contributed to the perception of movement, general categorization as well as layout of scenes. Data analysis through self observation provided an understanding of the large changes that occurred in most visual scenes. Self observation enabled in creation of taxonomy of special effects in feature films and related them to different techniques applied during pre- production filming as well as post-production. 4.2 Avatar Different techniques have been applied in creation of Avatar as specific fields of expertise have been applied on special tasks to develop special visual effects. Various advanced techniques have been applied into the movie, for instance, compositing, camera match- move, matte painting as well as multi- pass rendering. Avatar has a combination of 3D technolog y and stop motion and this ensured the movie contained massive shots of visual effects. Each single frame in the movie was developed in a stereoscopic- 3D technology which shows that two cameras were used in shooting live action scenes or creation of right and left views in creating computer generated imagery. Nuke and Ocula have been used in filming the movie to composite and make corrections that aroused in the live action stereo shoots. Ocular plug-ins for Nuke was a very valuable toolset for Avatar as it was used to combine the digital image sequences and the geometrical models to develop stunning visual effects. These toolsets can lead to the formation of various visual effects that range from the invisible to the overwhelming. Compositing entails application of various processing operations to image sequences like images generated by a computer as well live action shots to create a convincing and captivating end result in a movie. Use of toolsets in creation of the movie allow ed for wide and complex inter-connections of a variety of images and geometrical operators. The toolsets allowed the images in avatar to have the Red Green Blue components as well as other useful components such as scene depth, highlights on computer generated imagery objects and motion estimation. Toolsets used in creation of avatar added to the flexibility of the effects as they made it possible for the movie to accommodate complex processes, for